{"id":11003,"date":"2025-12-11T09:18:48","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T09:18:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cms.haseca.leads.vn\/10-loi-thuong-gap-khi-van-hanh-bep-an-cong-nghiep-sqh\/"},"modified":"2025-12-11T09:18:48","modified_gmt":"2025-12-11T09:18:48","slug":"10-loi-thuong-gap-khi-van-hanh-bep-an-cong-nghiep-sqh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/haseca.com\/data\/10-loi-thuong-gap-khi-van-hanh-bep-an-cong-nghiep-sqh\/","title":{"rendered":"10 l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1ebfp \u0103n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong mô hình b\u1ebfp \u0103n công nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb vài tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn hàng ch\u1ee5c nghìn su\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i ngày, m\u1ed9t quy trình v\u1eadn hành sai sót dù nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng có th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn: ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u1ea5t an toàn v\u1ec7 sinh, th\u1eadm chí làm gián \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng toàn b\u1ed9 nhà máy. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111ây cho th\u1ea5y các \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb cung c\u1ea5p su\u1ea5t \u0103n v\u1eabn m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, t\u1eeb khâu ch\u1ecdn nguyên li\u1ec7u, l\u01b0u kho, n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn chia su\u1ea5t và ki\u1ec3m soát nhân s\u1ef1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Bài vi\u1ebft này t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p 10 l\u1ed7i v\u1eadn hành ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ebfp \u0103n công nghi\u1ec7p, phân tích nguyên nhân – h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 – cách phòng tránh, kèm theo ví d\u1ee5, menu m\u1eabu, quy trình chu\u1ea9n và case-study t\u1eeb doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

1. L\u1ed7i ch\u1ecdn nhà cung c\u1ea5p nguyên li\u1ec7u không \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n: Nguyên nhân g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a hàng lo\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 b\u1ebfp \u0103n công nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Trong v\u1eadn hành b\u1ebfp \u0103n công nghi\u1ec7p, l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u tiên và nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t chính là l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nhà cung c\u1ea5p nguyên li\u1ec7u không \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb vì áp l\u1ef1c giá su\u1ea5t \u0103n t\u1eeb 20.000–27.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111ã tìm \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n hàng giá r\u1ebb, không truy xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c không có h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110ây chính là \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho hàng lo\u1ea1t nguy c\u01a1: th\u1ecbt heo ch\u1ee9a ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea5m, rau qu\u1ea3 d\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbp hóa ch\u1ea5t, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111ông l\u1ea1nh c\u1eadn h\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng… M\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p may m\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i Bình D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eebng ghi nh\u1eadn 300 công nhân ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 vì nhà cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ecbt gà b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n quá th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n, b\u1ecb oxy hóa nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn giao cho b\u1ebfp \u0103n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tránh l\u1ed7i này, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n áp d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 tiêu chí ch\u1ecdn nhà cung c\u1ea5p g\u1ed3m 5 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn VSATTP, gi\u1ea5y phép kinh doanh th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 test vi sinh – hóa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3, h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng kho l\u1ea1nh và l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cung \u1ee9ng cho các doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn. Ngoài ra, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ebfp \u0103n công nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n nay áp d\u1ee5ng mô hình “\u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u minh b\u1ea1ch” theo quý: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nhà cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i tham gia ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc – ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh sau, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ee7 tiêu chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ký h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t quy trình ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Haseca cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ba l\u1edbp ki\u1ec3m soát nguyên li\u1ec7u: ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 – ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft – ki\u1ec3m tra nhanh b\u1eb1ng kit xác \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong>. \u0110i\u1ec1u này giúp phát hi\u1ec7n ngay rau nhi\u1ec5m thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb sâu ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n ngâm hóa ch\u1ea5t. \u0110ây là b\u01b0\u1edbc mà nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ebfp \u0103n nh\u1ecf b\u1ecf qua, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ee7i ro trong toàn b\u1ed9 quy trình.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 khi m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i ch\u1ecdn nhà cung c\u1ea5p sai l\u1ea7m không ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf chi phí b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ng\u01b0\u1eddi dùng, mà còn có th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ea5t uy tín v\u1edbi hàng nghìn công nhân, th\u1eadm chí b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra. \u0110ã có doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ba ngày vì công nhân \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t ngh\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c liên quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ecbt không rõ ràng.<\/p>\n

Trong môi tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ebfp \u0103n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, nguyên li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u vào chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 50% \u0111\u1ed9 an toàn c\u1ee7a b\u1eefa \u0103n. Ch\u1ec9 khi doanh nghi\u1ec7p kiên quy\u1ebft ch\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n hàng chu\u1ea9n, ki\u1ec3m tra nghiêm ng\u1eb7t và không ch\u1ea1y theo giá r\u1ebb thì nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo m\u1edbi có c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn hành chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

2. L\u1ed7i trong quy trình s\u01a1 ch\u1ebf – ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn: Nhi\u1ec5m chéo, sai nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 và thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m soát – nguyên nhân gây ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c hàng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/h1>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i v\u1eadn hành ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn và nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u1edf b\u1ebfp \u0103n công nghi\u1ec7p chính là sai quy trình s\u01a1 ch\u1ebf – ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ebfp \u0103n v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 chung dao th\u1edbt, không phân lu\u1ed3ng s\u1ed1ng – chín, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m sau ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp xúc v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ch\u01b0a ti\u1ec7t trùng. \u0110ây là nguyên nhân tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec5m chéo, gây ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3n hình, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ebfp \u0103n g\u1ea7n KCN Th\u0103ng Long (Hà N\u1ed9i), nhân viên s\u01a1 ch\u1ebf rau s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung dao v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c thái th\u1ecbt s\u1ed1ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 xét nghi\u1ec7m sau s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 cho th\u1ea5y E.coli xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trên b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khay \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n chín. H\u01a1n 70 công nhân b\u1ecb \u0111au b\u1ee5ng, tiêu ch\u1ea3y, nôn ói. \u0110ây là ví d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5m chéo có th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i khác là sai nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ea5u: món th\u1ecbt không \u0111\u1ea1t 75°C \u1edf lõi, canh không \u0111\u1ee7 90°C, ho\u1eb7c các món quay – chiên \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian quá ng\u1eafn. Vi khu\u1ea9n Salmonella, Coliform, t\u1ee5 c\u1ea7u vàng… t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i và phát tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh khi th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m không \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed lý b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Các b\u1ebfp \u0103n \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n HACCP luôn dùng nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1eebng m\u1ebb n\u1ea5u – \u0111i\u1ec1u mà ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ebfp \u0103n quy mô nh\u1ecf b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ed1 trí b\u1ebfp không theo mô hình “m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u” c\u0169ng là sai l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p. Khi l\u1ed1i \u0111i nh\u1eadp hàng, s\u01a1 ch\u1ebf và ra \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n chín giao nhau, nguy c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec5m chéo t\u0103ng lên 4–5 l\u1ea7n. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ebfp \u0103n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i TP.HCM trong \u0111\u1ee3t thanh tra 2024 b\u1ecb yêu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i vì quy trình ch\u01b0a \u0111úng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n xây d\u1ef1ng quy trình 7 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo HACCP: ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn – s\u01a1 ch\u1ebf – ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn – làm ngu\u1ed9i – chia su\u1ea5t – b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n – v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n. M\u1ed7i khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i có mã hóa màu: dao \u0111\u1ecf cho th\u1ecbt s\u1ed1ng, dao xanh cho rau, dao vàng cho \u0111\u1ed3 chín. Các b\u1ebfp \u0103n quy mô l\u1edbn hi\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sát khu\u1ea9n UV ho\u1eb7c x\u1eed lý nhi\u1ec7t 80°C cho d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 chia su\u1ea5t. \u0110ây là xu h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i và mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 rõ r\u1ec7t trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Case-study t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ebfp \u0103n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 5.000 su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Ninh cho th\u1ea5y: sau khi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn quy trình s\u01a1 ch\u1ebf – ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn theo mô hình chu\u1ea9n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, b\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3m 40% s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 liên quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n ch\u01b0a chín và không còn ghi nh\u1eadn tình tr\u1ea1ng công nhân \u0111au b\u1ee5ng sau b\u1eefa tr\u01b0a. \u0110i\u1ec1u này ch\u1ee9ng minh quy trình chu\u1ea9n là y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an toàn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u1edf quy mô l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

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3. L\u1ed7i trong b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n – v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n – chia su\u1ea5t: Kho l\u1ea1nh sai chu\u1ea9n, gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t kém, th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ngoài quá lâu<\/strong><\/h1>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u1ebfp \u0103n công nghi\u1ec7p có th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn hành t\u1ed1t khâu \u0111\u1ea7u vào và ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t sai sót trong b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c chia su\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 khi\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u0103ng cao. \u0110ây là l\u1ed7i mà nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng xem nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n

L\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t là b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n kho l\u1ea1nh sai chu\u1ea9n. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ebfp \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 chung th\u1ecbt s\u1ed1ng và th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m chín trong cùng khu v\u1ef1c, ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kho l\u1ea1nh không \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c 0–5°C. M\u1ed9t b\u1ebfp \u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai t\u1eebng b\u1ecb phát hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 cá thu chung v\u1edbi th\u1ecbt bò s\u1ed1ng và \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ed9p \u0111ã m\u1edf n\u1eafp, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 vi khu\u1ea9n lan truy\u1ec1n nhanh. Sau \u0111\u1ee3t ki\u1ec3m tra, 20% nguyên li\u1ec7u trong kho bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tiêu h\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

L\u1ed7i khác là không gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c \u0103n sau n\u1ea5u. Theo tiêu chu\u1ea9n VSATTP, th\u1ee9c \u0103n chín ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf trên 65°C<\/strong> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n trên bàn inox, không có t\u1ee7 gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t, khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m còn 40–45°C – \u0111ây chính là “vùng nguy hi\u1ec3m” cho vi khu\u1ea9n phát tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. M\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i khu công nghi\u1ec7p Long Thành t\u1eebng ghi nh\u1eadn nguyên nhân là nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed9p c\u01a1m gi\u1ea3m quá nhanh trong quá trình v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Quá trình chia su\u1ea5t c\u0169ng là \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ee7i ro n\u1ebfu nhân viên không mang g\u0103ng tay, kh\u1ea9u trang ho\u1eb7c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 không \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed khu\u1ea9n \u0111úng cách. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ebfp \u0103n hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 nhân viên chia c\u01a1m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cùng m\u1ed9t \u0111ôi g\u0103ng trong 2–3 ti\u1ebfng liên t\u1ee5c, \u0111i\u1ec1u này khi\u1ebfn vi khu\u1ea9n tích t\u1ee5 trên b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u0103ng và phát tán vào \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c, các doanh nghi\u1ec7p su\u1ea5t \u0103n quy mô l\u1edbn \u0111ã áp d\u1ee5ng 4 gi\u1ea3i pháp quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n